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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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061989
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06198900.025
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1990-09-22
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WORLD, Page 40MISCELLANYPlaying the Name GameHow Burma became Myanma
When a country's name disappears from the map, it is often the
result of conquest or collapse. But there is a less violent
explanation that proves the pen is at least as mighty as the sword.
Perhaps the country has merely changed its name.
The most recent case is Burma, which has just renamed itself
Myanma (pronounced Mee-ahn-ma), the name the Burmese, oops, the
Myanmans, have always preferred. In April Cambodia, which since
1976 had been known as Kampuchea, became Cambodia again. That was
the fifth time in the past 20 years that the country has changed
its name. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, the Cambodian resistance leader
who is notorious for his own shifting stance on his country, has
at least found a way to keep up with its changing names. When he
speaks English, he calls the country Cambodia. When he speaks
Khmer, he calls it Kampuchea. When he speaks French, he refers to
it as Cambodge.
No international laws govern the christening of countries: the
label that sticks is determined by the tastes or even the sanity
of its rulers. Anti-colonialism, however, is the most common
rationale for national renaming. During the 1950s and '60s,
anti-colonialism swept through the newly independent nations of
Africa. The Gold Coast dubbed itself Ghana, in honor of an ancient
African empire that was located hundreds of miles from the modern
nation. When the Belgian Congo became independent in 1960, it
renamed itself the Republic of the Congo. Eleven years later,
President Joseph Mobutu rechristened it the Republic of Zaire. A
year later, he took his policy of "authenticity" personally,
renaming himself Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Nbgendu Wa Za Banga, which
means, more or less, "the all-powerful warrior who will go from
conquest to conquest trailing fire in his wake."
Sometimes rulers decide it is best to leave well enough alone.
Filipinos have long bristled at the colonialistic implications of
calling their country the Philippines, in honor of Philip II of
Spain. During the regime of Ferdinand Marcos, there was a campaign
to rename the country Maharlika, a native word meaning noble and
aristocratic. Plans for the rechristening proceeded apace until an
academic pointed out that the word was probably derived from
Sanskrit. Fine, its proponents said, Sanskrit is a non-imperialist
language. Yes, replied the scholar, but Maharlika was most likely
derived from the words maha lingam, meaning "great phallus." That
was the end of the campaign.